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Climate change is a result of the
unsustainable, over-consumption of fossil fuels, particularly in
the North. Current responses to this international crisis are gravely
inadequate. We have less than ten years to stop global greenhouse
gas emissions from rising in order to avoid dangerous climate change
for the majority of the world's peoples and ecosystems.
Poor, vulnerable communities in developing
countries who are the least responsible for climate change are being
hit the hardest by its impacts and by the false solutions being
promoted to tackle it. This is an issue of development, human rights
and justice. Those countries with the greatest responsibility for
historical and continuing greenhouse gas emissions have sufficient
wealth to act and must do so. The inequitable consumption of resources
by the North and exploitation of resources from the South has led
to ecological debt that must be repaid.
Global temperature increases must
stay as far as possible below a 2 degrees temperature increase from
pre-industrial levels. We can not afford for the Kyoto-Protocol
to end in 2012 when its first commitment period expires. The third
Meeting of the Parties must result in a Bali Mandate to assure a
continuing climate protection process under the Kyoto Protocol after
2012. Negotiations on a post 2012 agreement must end in 2009 to
allow for the next phase of commitments to begin in 2013.
Friends of the Earth International
believes that the UNFCCC can provide an essential element of the
global solution to climate change by implementing a post-2012 international
agreement based on principles of equity and climate justice. The
post-2012 agreement must provide:
・legally binding burden sharing of
emissions reduction based on historical responsibility for climate
change and capacity to act
・ obligations for the North to finance
for adaptation and mitigation in the South in addition to domestic
emissions reduction obligations.
・independent verification that emissions
reductions and financing obligations in the North are met, with
stringent penalties for non-compliance.
・ sharing of technology & science
for capacity building & review of commitment required
・guidelines for mitigation & adaptation
that is in keeping with international human rights laws
Friends of the Earth International
demands that the failings of the first commitment period of the
Kyoto Protocol such as the inadequate emissions reduction obligations,
over-reliance on market-based solutions, and false incentives to
offset carbon emissions in countries of the South rather than to
reduce them domestically in the North, are rectified in the post
2012 agreement. Friends of the Earth International believes that
the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol fails to address
trade, development and economic barriers to achieving adequate emissions
reductions, sharing of technology, building resilience and financing
for adaptation.
The post 2012 agreement provide opportunity
to address these issues within the international climate regime,
and must include the following elements:
・The industrialised world must take
responsibility to achieve greenhouse gas emissions reduction pathways
that ensure significant reductions in global emissions after peaking
by 2015. This should also include the establishment of year on year
rolling emissions reduction targets to ensure annual assessment
of success or failure to reach commitment
・Emissions must be reduced by at least
40% on 1990 levels by 2020 in the industrialized countries.
・These reductions must be achieved
by halting the neo-liberal development model which promotes the
transfer of polluting industry from the North to the South including
unsustainable production and consumption patterns.
・The CDM fails to achieve necessary
emissions reduction targets or promote sustainable development,
instead, countries must adopt obligations that are fair, equitable,
have ecological integrity and that are additional to national domestic
fulfillments of industrial countries emissions reduction obligations.
・The South must have space to achieve
energy sovereignty (the ability of peoples and communities to decide
their energy sources and energy consumption patterns that will lead
them to sustainable societies), financed by the repayment of the
ecological debt by the North.
・The post 2012 agreement must include
a comprehensive suite of financial obligations for industrialised
countries to support adaptation, technology sharing and mitigation
actions in the South, such as reducing emissions from deforestation.
The attribution of responsibility to finance Southern mitigation
and adaptation must be based on an assessment of historical responsibility,
capacity (including the impact of neo-liberal trade policies), and
ecological debt. Revenue for these funds can be raised by redirecting
military spending, the cancellation of debts, 'cap and auction'
winnings, levies and taxes.
・Adaptation should be pro-poor and
protect ecosystems, livelihoods and human security. Community-based
adaptation provides the best opportunity to ensure that adaptation
projects are culturally, technically and socially appropriate, and
that they increase resilience to the impacts of climate change.
・Forest protection programs must uphold
community rights and land rights of Indigenous peoples and other
local communities, prohibiting any actions that seek to exclude
Indigenous and forest dependent communities from 'conservation'
areas. Failure to prohibit such action is an endorsement of environmental
racism and threatens the continuation of sophisticated cultural
practices of conservation.
・The financial mechanism cannot include
trading of deforestation 'certificates' or credits that would create
a global off-set for the failure to reduce emissions in industrial
and transport sectors - weakening the environmental integrity of
the post 2012 agreement.
・Resolute exclusion of false solutions
of nuclear, carbon capture and storage, genetic modification, large
hydro power and agrofuels from any UNFCCC or post 2012 technological
sharing programs in recognition of the unacceptable levels of risk
to humanity and the environment
・Enact moratoria on oil, coal, uranium
and gas exploration, finance and approval, and implement 'just transition'
programs to phase out existing fossil fuel and nuclear activities
・ The impact of these factors combined
means that women are likely to suffer greater impacts of environmental
shocks such as climatic changes. In recognition of this, both mitigation
and adaptation activities must be tailored to ensure women's participation
and specific needs.
・Indigenous peoples also have a very
specific relationship to the environment. Indigenous land rights
and custodianship of land must been protected in all mitigation
and adaptation activities.
・Establish a working group to review
the barriers in trade policies and agreements, including Intellectual
Property Rights (IPRs), to sharing of technology that would support
sustainable development.
If all the above issues are adequately
addressed, we can expect more sympathetic policies and behaviour
among developing countries to undertake measures from the lens of
climate change that will enable pursuit of a lower carbon pathway
and sustainable development pathway. We appeal to the leadership
of the North to take these necessary measures raised above, and
appeal to the Southern governments to begin to prepare steps that
are necessary in the post Kyoto framework, knowing that they require
complementary polices in the South and fundamental changes in the
North.
参考情報：
＞
UNFCCC（気候変動枠組条約）ウェブサイト
＞
COP12, COP/MOP2情報（2006.11・ケニア）
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